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The Capitoline Hill (〔''Random House''〕 or ;〔''OED''〕 (ラテン語:Collis Capitōlīnus) (:ˈkɔllɪs kapɪtoːˈliːnʊs); (イタリア語:Campidoglio) (:kampiˈdɔʎʎo)), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. It was the citadel (equivalent of the ancient Greek acropolis) of the earliest Romans. The name ''capitol'' seems to have meant "dominant height", although ancient tradition places its origin in ''caput'' ("skull": a specific skull found while laying the Temple of Jupiter foundation). By the 16th century, ''Capitolinus'' had become ''Capitolino'' in Italian, with the alternative ''Campidoglio'' stemming from ''Capitolium'', one of the three major spurs of the ''Capitolinus'' (the others being ''Arx'' and ''Tarpeius''). The English word ''capitol'' derives from ''Capitoline''. The Capitoline contains few ancient ground-level ruins, as they are almost entirely covered up by Medieval and Renaissance ''palaces'' (now housing the Capitoline Museums) that surround a piazza, a significant urban plan designed by Michelangelo. ==Ancient history== At this hill, the Sabines, creeping to the Citadel, were let in by the Roman maiden Tarpeia. For this treachery, Tarpeia was the first to be punished by being flung from a steep cliff overlooking the Roman Forum. This cliff was later named the Tarpeian Rock after the Vestal Virgin, and became a frequent execution site. The Sabines, who immigrated to Rome following the Rape of the Sabine Women, settled on the Capitoline.〔Livy, ''Ab urbe condita'', 1:33〕 The Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), an 8th-century BC sacred precinct, occupied much of the eastern lower slopes of the Capitoline, at the head of what would later become the Roman Forum. The summit was the site of a temple for the Capitoline Triad, started by Rome's fifth king, Tarquinius Priscus (''r.'' 616-579 BC), and completed by the seventh and last king, Tarquinius Superbus (535–496 BC). It was considered one of the largest and the most beautiful temples in the city (although little now remains). The city legend starts with the recovery of a human skull (the word for head in Latin is ''caput'') when foundation trenches were being dug for the Temple of Jupiter at Tarquin's order. Recent excavations on the Capitoline uncovered an early cemetery under the Temple of Jupiter. There are several important temples built on Capitoline hill: the temple of Juno Moneta, the temple of Virtus, and the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus is the most important of the temples. It was built in 509 BC and was nearly as large as the Parthenon. The hill and the temple of Jupiter became the symbols of Rome, the capital of the world.〔("Campidoglio" accessed march 23, 2012 )〕 The Temple of Saturn was built at the foot of Capitoline Hill in the western end of the Forum Romanum. When the Senones Gauls (settled in central-east Italy) raided Rome in 390 BC, after the battle of River Allia, the Capitoline Hill was the one section of the city to evade capture by the barbarians, due to its being fortified by the Roman defenders. According to legend Marcus Manlius Capitolinus was alerted to the Gallic attack by the sacred geese of Juno. When Julius Caesar suffered an accident during his triumph, clearly indicating the wrath of Jupiter for his actions in the Civil Wars, he approached the hill and Jupiter's temple on his knees as a way of averting the unlucky omen (nevertheless he was murdered six months later, and Brutus and his other assassins locked themselves inside the temple afterward).〔(Ancient Worlds: "Mons Capitolinus" ).〕 Vespasian's brother and nephew were also besieged in the temple during the Year of Four Emperors (69). The ''Tabularium'', located underground beneath the piazza and hilltop, occupies a building of the same name built in the 1st century BC to hold Roman records of state. The Tabularium looks out from the rear onto the Roman Forum. The main attraction of the Tabularium, besides the structure itself, is the Temple of Veiovis. During the lengthy period of ancient Rome, the Capitoline Hill was the geographical and ceremonial center. However, by the Renaissance, the former center was an untidy conglomeration of dilapidated buildings and the site of criminal executions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capitoline Hill」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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